Hi Folks, In linux kernel space memory, on a system having 1G/3G address space division, the 0--3G address space is for user process whereas, ~ 3G+1--4G is for the kernel space. When i visualize this whole, on 32 bit architecture, what i see, basically,is both a userland and a kernel space processes, are , in fact just processes with compiler generating code for 4G address space. However,address range for a kernel code is restricted to 3G+1---4G address space, whereas for userland code it is between 0--3G. Then, as far as my understanding is, this is something which is done by linker/ loader. Which means, all the address generated for the kernel code, is relocated to 3G+1-4G address space by the linker/ loader, whereas all the address generated by the userland code is relocated to the 0-3G address space. This implies, kernel virtual address is always between 3G+1 -- 4G range on system which employ 1G/3G division rule. Can somebody confirm about this understanding? Any flaw here ??