Hello linux experts, I read https://elinux.org/Device_Tree_Usage, and it says about the "ranges" property in the PCIe Root Complex node, "The above ranges define how the CPU see the PCI memory, and helps the CPU to set up the right memory windows and write the right parameters into various PCI device registers. This is sometimes referred to as outbound memory." I know the 'ranges' property shows how the PCI devices's addresses are mapped to host CPU's addresses. The PCI devices are identified by the bus/device/function pair and the address is indicated the config/IO/memory32/memory64 types and start and length in the PCI bus. I understand that the BIOS or bootloader initializes PCI RC and does the enumeration and assigns the BAR registers so that the device's resources are mapped in host CPU's address space. And I guess the bootloader fixes the device tree (or ACPI table) by filling in the 'ranges' property. Is it correct? My another question is, what does the OS do with this 'ranges' information in the device tree? Of course the PCI device's driver uses BAR to get the physical address (seen from the host CPU) and by ioremap, it can access the devices memory and registers using virtual address. In the above link it says "The above ranges define how the CPU see the PCI memory, and helps the CPU to set up the right memory windows and write the right parameters into various PCI device registers. This is sometimes referred to as outbound memory." What does it mean? Does the OS do something with this 'ranges' value? I'll appreciated if someone could explain it to me. Thank you! Chan Kim