Hi all, This a vast topic. But I believe it's worthwhile exposing in greater detail the "Why this design has been chosen ?", before the "How this design has been implemented ?". And I think this is a common lack (or at least not enough developed) in documentations, even in the more outstanding of them. Let's try to be more precise : A] About the direct mapping of the first 896MB of the virtual kernel space to the first 896MB of the physical memory Thus the kernel is able to handle a big virtual memory area mapped to a zone of contiguous physical addresses. This is a need for some peripheral devices which are unable to deal with paged memory. So all right, I can understand that (ref: "Avoiding - and fixing - memory fragmentation<http://lwn.net/Articles/211505/>" at lwn.net). But this article also says this is required for large kernel data structures... Q: ...Here I don't get the point : why wouldn't it be possible for the kernel to handle its structures through paged memory not necessarily physically contiguous ? In the bible "Understanding the Linux Kernel" third edition, at section "8.3 Non-contiguous Memory Area Management" it is written : "[...] it is preferable to map areas into sets of contiguous page frames, thus making better use of the cache and achieving lower average memory access times". Q: Is this assertion still valid on modern architecture ? Can please someone explain in further detail the theory behind it, or point me to relevant documentations ? Q: Do you see any other reason for this physically-contiguous memory requirement ? B] About the 3G/1G split of process' virtual address space on 32-bit architecture The article "Virtual Memory I: the problem <http://lwn.net/Articles/75174/>" at lwn.net says it has to see with the TLB : by sharing the process' virtual space, we also share the TLB and thus we avoid a costly TLB flush at each user-space to kernel-space switch. The article invokes this reason of degradation performance when talking about the 4G/4G split patch (from Ingo Molnar). Q: In the 4G/4G split case, I don't see why we have to necessarily flush the TLB when switching from user-space to kernel-space ? Why the TLB couldn't be shared across one user-space to kernel-space switch, and be flushed only every two switches ? The TLB is small, Ok... but is it really a matter of TLB size ? I mean the kernel can rely on big pages for backing its virtual space : this is already the case for Intel Pentium (ref: "Understanding the Linux Kernel" third edition) which uses 4MB pages, or for Freescale e500v2/e500mc family which uses 256MB pages. On this architecture, if it had to map 4GB of physical memory, it could even use a single huge page, thus occupying a single page table entry, and so a single TLB entry... Thanks to anyone for bringing a gentle breeze of cleverness on my cloudy brain, Telenn