Me too. good question. Which header may define these addresses? On Sat, Feb 11, 2012 at 10:52 AM, hz hanks <hankshz@gmail.com> wrote:

Hi, all

I'm confused with different addresses in Linux, such as virtual address and hardware address. For example, which kind of address one can get when using "&num" in application layer programming? How about that in kernel, such as in device driver? Which kind of address one can get when using "void _ _user *to" in device driver? And which kind of address the kernel is working with when using "mmap"? And which kind of address we are talking about when divide the memory into user space and kernel space?

It's quite tedious but thank you so much for helping me!

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Hi :) Let me try to help ... On Sat, Feb 11, 2012 at 16:52, hz hanks <hankshz@gmail.com> wrote:

Hi, all

I'm confused with different addresses in Linux, such as virtual address and hardware address.

very very likely you will deal with virtual address, because you're in protected mode and MMU (Memory Management Unit) give you that virtual address. It is the MMU task that translate such virtual address into physical address with the help of page tables.

For example, which kind of address one can get when using "&num" in application layer programming?

Virtual address.... precisely inside user space. Application could only touch its own user address space, not kernel's.

How about that in kernel, such as in device driver?

kernel too access virtual address. However, since there's identical mapping for kernel address space (address 3 gigabyte and above in x86 32 bit architecture), say you are accessing address 0xC0000001, you are actually accessing physical address 1. For 0xC0000002, it's physical address is 2 and so on.

Which kind of address one can get when using "void _ _user *to" in device driver? same too, virtual address. But relative to which user address space we are dealing with.

And which kind of address the kernel is working with when using "mmap"?

virtual address again :)

And which kind of address we are talking about when divide the memory into user space and kernel space?

virtual address :) in x82 32 bit, you have 4 gigabyte addressing space. It's splitted 3 gigabyte for user space, 1 gigabyte for kernel space. Of course, the physical amount of RAM could be lower than 4G.... -- regards, Mulyadi Santosa Freelance Linux trainer and consultant blog: the-hydra.blogspot.com training: mulyaditraining.blogspot.com