for various reasons, i'm poring over the grotty details of the installation of kernel headers, so a couple questions before i get any further into the code. first, is there any value to a Kbuild file with no content? for example, here's the entirety of arch/cris/include/arch-v10/arch/Kbuild: # CRISv10 arch that is, one commented-out line, no references to any include files. does such a file have any meaning? or can such files be deleted until such time as they need to contain some content? next, with an example from that same directory, the "page.h" header file: #ifndef _CRIS_ARCH_PAGE_H #define _CRIS_ARCH_PAGE_H #ifdef __KERNEL__ ... snip ... #endif #endif in other words, the *entirety* of the contents of that header file are protected by "__KERNEL__". first, that seems silly given that we know the Kbuild file is empty (but that's admittedly an obscure situation). but even if the Kbuild file *wasn't* empty, there are two sub-cases. first, if the "page.h" header file isn't being exported to user space, there's no need for any use of __KERNEL__ to begin with since it's exclusively a kernel header file. and if it *is* being exported, what ends up being exported is, well, an empty header file, correct? which seems a bit silly, *unless* ... are there cases where certain header files *must* exist in user space just as placeholders, even if they're empty? that would explain it, but it still seems yucky. one last query ... is there any value to an unexported header file containing any __KERNEL__ protection? i'm assuming not; examples of that are probably just leftovers that weren't cleaned up properly. more questions later as i get deeper into the code ... rday -- ======================================================================== Robert P. J. Day Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA http://crashcourse.ca Twitter: http://twitter.com/rpjday LinkedIn: http://ca.linkedin.com/in/rpjday ========================================================================